g]kfn
sfg"gdf k|o'Qm efiff, z}nL / Jofs/0f
? df]xg
aGhf8]
g]kfn
PsLs/0f -!*@%_ k"j{
Oltxf; lz/f]d0fL afa'/fd cfrfo{sf cg';f/
lj=;+= #)& ;Ddsf] g]kfnsf] Oltxf; cGwsf/do 5 .
tyflk xfnsf] g]kfn If]q leq ljleGg Clif d'lgx?n] cf>d agfO{ a;]sf] tyf
pgLx?af6 /lrt :d[lt cflb u|Gyx?sf] tTsfnLg sfg"g k|0ffnLdf k|efj k/]sf]
dflgG5 . tL
wfld{s u|Gyx? d"ntM ;+:s[t efiffdf / kBz}nLdf n]lvPsf] kfOG5 . ;fy}
wd{zf:qx?df dxfb08gfos, k|f8ljjfs, clws/0f, GofofwLz, Gofo;ef, Gofofno cflbsf]
u7g ePsf] kfOG5 .
g]kfnL Goflos k/Dk/fsf] vfhL ubf{
ls/fFtsfnsf] ;fdfu|L kfpg ;lsPsf] 5}g eg] klg x'G5 .
tyflk ls/fFt sfndf ls/fFtL k"/]t ;fDafx?n] s07fu| kf/L NofPsf …d'Gw'dÚx?
lyP . d'Gw'dsf] o]xfË v08df lax]jf/L, dWo:ytf, h'7f];'ts ;DaGwL sfg"gL
Joj:yf lyP . tL
s[lt df}lns ?kdf k|fKt gePsfn] ltgsf] efif z}nL / Jofs/0f af/] :ki6tM eGg ;Sg]
l:ylt b]lvb}g .
ls/fFtLx?n] l;kfxLnfO{ ;'Aaf, ;/bf/nfO{
ysk]Fjf, d"n ;/bf/nfO{ …yst'DafÚ, dGqLnfO{ t'Dofªxfª / /fhfnfO{ …xfªÚ
zAbx? k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
la=;+= #)& b]lv (#& ;Dd zf;gdf
/x]sf lnR5jLx?sf] zf;gsfndf zf;sx? ;+:s[t efiff tyf jfªdosf ljåfg lyP . ctM
To; a]nfsf lznfn]v / c•fvfgfsf] efiff klg ;+:s[t lyof] . To;a]nf Goflos
lgsfox?nfO{ k"jf{lws/0f, klZrdflws/0f, e§flws/0f, k/dfzg, cGt/fzg elgGYof]
. To;a]nf ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf nflu clws[t zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . lnR5jLsfnLg
clen]vx?df å}kfog, dg', od, j[x:klt, pzg;\ cflb Clifx?sf] pNn]v x'g'n] klg
To;a]nfsf] sfg"gL efiff ;+:s[t efiff /x]sf] b]lvG5 . t/
lnR5jLsfnsf rf/ clws/0f – s'y]/, z'NnL, lnËjn / dfKrf]ssf] gfd ;+:s[t efiffdf
5}g . o;}u/L a|Dxd'ª, z'Nxd'ª, l;Í/ cflb h:tf zf;g Joj:yf;Fu ;DalGwt gfd ;+:s[t
efiffsf xf]Ogg\ .
lnR5jLsfnLg
clen]vsf d"ne"t k|j[ltx?
·
lnR5jLsfnLg clen]vx? zf;s / zfl;tsf tkm{af6
/flvPsf] kfOG5 .
·
/fhfx?n] d"ntM OZj/ / dxifL{sf] :t'lt
u/]sf] tyf cfˆgf] zf/Ll/s af}l4s k|z+;f u/fPsf] kfOG5 eg] zfl;tn] /fVg]df
zf;ssf] :t'lt ug]{ u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
·
zf;ssf] gfd / ldlt d"ntM clÍt x'g] u/]sf]
b]lvG5 .
·
wd{nfO{ sfg"gsf] ?kdf lnOPsf] kfOG5 .
·
k|of]u u/]sf] ;+:s[t efiffdf w]/} zAbx?nfO{
Pp6} l8sf] lbP/ n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
·
clen]vx? uB z}nLdf n]lvPsf] b]lvG5 .
/fhf hol:ylt
dNnsf] l:ylt aGb]hsf] efiff z}nL / Jofs/0f
To;a]nf Jofs/0fsf lgod lyP lyPgg\ / l:ylt
aGb]h th'{df ubf{ tL Jofs/0fsf lgodsf] kfngf x'GYof] x'b}gYof] eGg] s'/fdf :ki6
eGg ;lsg] b]lvb}g .
x|:j bL3{sf] k|of]u
To; l:ylt aGb]hdf x|:j bL3{sf xfnsf
lgodx?sf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvFb}g . h:t}M
laqmL – aLqmL
lgod – gLod
wL6f] – lwtf]
cl3 – c3L
lrGgnfO{ – rLGxfnfO
klx/g – kxL/g
laifo – jLifo
lgZro – lgZro
larf/ – aLrf/
dfly – dfyL
ltdL – tLdL
zflGt – zfGtL
lgldQ – gLdLt
lalw – aLwL
ljz]if – aL;]if
km]l/ – km]/L
·
x|:j bL3{ ;DaGwL o; l:yltsf] k|j[lQ x]bf{
clwsflws ?kdf bL3{ Osf/ n]Vg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
·
psf/sf ;Gbe{df cfb]zfTds zAbnfO{ slxF x|:j /
slx bL3{ psf/ ul/Psf] kfOG5, h:t} a]rg", a]rg', af]sg', k]ng',
n]vfpg", ug'{, r9fpg", v'jfpg" .
z, ; / if sf] k|of]u
·
z, if / ; sf] k|of]u af/] klg k|rlnt
j}ofs/0fLo lgod kfngf ePsf] b]lvb}g . h:t}M
b]z – b];÷b]z
afns sfnd} – afnif}df
avtdf – jiftdf
v'; – if';\
;fxgtL – zflGt
ljz]if – aLz]v
ljifo – ljvo
k'?if – k'?if
Hof]ltifL – hf]tLvL÷hf]tL;L
l;kfxL – ;LkfxL
z'enUg – ;'enUg
pv' – pif'
cleif]s – cle;]s
u0f]z – u0f]z
k|folZrt – k|folZrt
vfg' – iffg'
zf:qf]Qm – ;f:t|f]St
cf}iflw – cf}ifwL÷cf}if8
z'e – ;'e
jfSosf] cGTo ug]{ tl/sf
·
oxL Pp6} cfn]vdf jfSo ;dfKt ubf{ ljleGg
z}nLsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M
o
gLo]d afWoM.., gLod u/]M.., rng u/]M.. cjofxf
n]vLG5M.. agfpg'M.. n]vfpg"M.. dfly n]ifLo adf]lhd ug'{ ;'4 x'G5M.. aft
nfUb}g..
bf]xf]¥ofpg] z}nL
·
pxL s'/f bf]xf]/fpg' kbf{ d"ntM ædfyL
n]ifLs} ;8/M.., dfyL s} ;b/M.., dfyL s} ;8/M.. eGg] z}nL canDag u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
b / 8 sf] k|of]u
·
b / 8 sf] k|of]udf klg km/s kfOG5 . h:t} M
b08 – 808
b/af/ – 8/jf/
/fhu4L – /fh u8L
bfg – 8fg
lbg' – 8Lg'÷bLg'
blIf0ff – 8IfL0ff
;b/ – ;8/
k"0f{ lj/fdsf] k|of]uM
·
cg'R5]b ;dfKt ePsf] jfSosf] cGtdf xfnsf]
k"0f{ lj/fd -._ sf] ;§f lj;u{ /fvL To;kl5 b'O{j6f k"0f{lj/fd lrGxsf]
k|of]u -M.._ ePsf] kfOG5 .
·
cg'R5]b ;dfKt gx'b} aLr aLrdf jfSo 6'lËP kl5
k"0f{ lj/fd lbg'kbf{ eg] lj;u{ lrGx -M_ dfq k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . vf; u/L
cg'R5]bsf] aLr aLrdf cfb]zfTds z}nLdf jfSo 6'Ëofpg' kbf{ lj;u{ -M_ sf] k|of]u
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
·
sltko :yfgdf k"0f{ lj/fdsf] ;§fdf g}
cNklj/fd lrGx -,_ k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
·
jfSo :jo+df nfdf geP klg cg'R5]bsf] aLr aLrdf
k"0f{ lj/fd -._ / cw{ lj/fd -Ù_ sf] k|of]u sd x'gfn] Pp6} jfSo /x]5 ls
eGg] e|d pTkGg x'G5 t/ k9\b} hfFbf jfSox? 6'lËb} gofF jfSo z'? x'Fb} hfG5g\ .
lbJof]kb]zsf]
efiff, z}nL / Jofs/0f
·
of] bz k[i7sf] ;Dk"0f{ b:tfa]h Pp6}
cg'R5]bdf n]lvPsf] 5, o;df s'g} bkmf, pkbkmf jf qmdfÍ s]xL g/fvL n]lvPsf] 5 .
o;df efu, kl/R5]b, cWofo, v08 s]xL 5}g . æ:jl:t >LÆ af6 z'? u/L æo:j eof
cfkm\g' b]; udg\ /xG5 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..Æ eGg] clGtd jfSoaf6 cGt
ul/Psf] 5 . of] cfn]v x:tlnlvt ?ksf] 5 .
·
sfg"g th'{df ubf{ z'?df OZj/ / d'Vo zf;s
-/fhf_ nfO{ :d/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
·
æk|:tfjgfÆ egL gn]lvP klg z'?sf] c+z
k|:tfjgfsf] k|s[ltsf] b]lvG5, o;df OZj/ / /fhfnfO{ :d/0f ub}{ /fhfn] s;sf
/f]xj/df lbJo pkb]z lbPsf lyP ;f] s'/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 .
·
lbJo pkb]zsf aLr aLrdf vf; u/L ;Gbe{ km]l/bf
æpk|fGtÆ zAbsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
x|:j bL3{sf] k|of]u
·
lbJo pkb]zdf d"ntM Osf/nfO{ x|:j n]lvPsf]
5, eflifs b[li6n] To;a]nf ;Dd klg x|:j bL3{sf] vf; lgod lyPg ls eGg] kfOG5 .
hol:ylt dNnsf] æl:yltaGb]hÆ bL3{ Osf/d'vL lyof] eg] ælbJo pkb]zÆ x|:jd'vL
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . pbfx/0ffy{ –
tLg – ltg
ltdLx? – ltldx?
b]vL – b]lif -b]v]/sf] cy{df_
egL – elg -eg]/sf] cy{df_
xfdL – xfld
xfs kf/L – xfs
kfl/
jL/ – la/
·
/fhfsf] tf/Lkm / 36gfsf] j0f{gfTds ljj/0f lbg]
z}nL kfOG5 .
o / P sf] k|of]uM
·
pkb]zdf P sf] 7fpFdf o sf] k|of]u ePsf k|z:t
pbfx/0f b]lvG5g\ . h:t}M
Pp6f – oj6f
Ps – os
lyP – lyof
lyof}+ – ly`'
uP – uo
hfg'ePsf] – hfg'eofsf]
PsfGt – osfGt
kbof]u / kbljof]u l8sM
·
lbJo pkb]zdf zAb lgdf{0fdf Tolt Wofg lbOPsf]
kfOb}g . Pp6f zAbnfO{ Ps} l8s -–_ k|of]u gugf{n] zAb klxrfg ubf{ csf]{ l8s
k|of]u ePsf zAb;Dd k'Ug' kg]{ x'G5 . ;fy} kbof]u / kb ljof]usf] lgodsf] klg
vf;} kfngf ePsf] kfOb}g .
s'g xf] – s'Gxf]
lnO cfpF – n}ofp
lbsaGbg ;]gnfO{ – lbs aGb
;]g nfO{
t/af/ – t/ jf/
/fKtL – /f klt
sf7df8f}+ – sf7 df8f}
cfZro{ – cf ;h]{
;GtfgnfO{ – ;Gtfg nfO{
g]kfndf gh/ – g]kfn dfg h/
dxf/fh – dxf /fhf
Tof]
kf6g xf] – Tof]kf 6g\xf]
lrGx k|of]u
kfFr – kfr
lyof} – ly`'
;'gfpgg\ – ;'gfpg+
xnGtsf] k|of]u
kf6g – kf6g\
efbufpF – efb\ufp
lnulnu – lnu\lnu\
ndh'ª – ndh'g\
g'g – g'g\
tkl;n – tkl;n\
;'v;on – :jif;on\
·
o; lbJo pkb]zdf k|of]u ePsf sltko zAbx? xfn
;f]xL ?kdf k|of]udf geP klg k|rlnt zAbx?;Fu ltgsf] lgs6tf eg] b]lvG5 . h:t}M
ltd|f – tD/f
xfd|f – xfD/f
dgf]sfª\Iff – dgsfG5f
cf]8L – j8L
wflbª – wflb+g\
dfGotf – dflgtf
oL – O{
3/fo;L – 3/];\
xfQLxf}jf – xfltxpjf
·
pkb]zdf …vÚ zAbsf] ;§f …ifÚ k|of]u ePsf]
b]lvG5 eg] …zÚ sf] k|of]u z'Gok|foM b]lvG5 . h:t}M –
efiff – efvf
vfnfg\ – iffgg\
b]lv – b]lif
/fVg' – /fifg'
n]Vg – n]ifg
bz{g – b;{g
uf]/vf – uf]iff{
b]Vbf – b]ifbf
v; – if;
zf:q – ;f:q
xfn k|rngdf g/x]sf jf cGo efiffsf zAbM
·
pkb]zdf cGo efiffsf jf xfn g]kfnLdf rng rNtLdf
gePsf lgDg zAbx? k|of]u ePsf b]lvG5g\ . h:t}M
s/]pnL – s/sfk, c•L
df]r – d"5 jf h'F3f
uf} – ufO{
/:tf – af6f]
nd56 –
lg`f – Gofo
wglhj – cfly{s / zf/Ll/s b08
s'k – s'jf
jo]n – ;fF9]
lqmofsf] k|of]uM
·
To;a]nf k|of]u x'g] lqmofkb / xfn k|of]u x'g]
lqmofkbsf] :j?kdf leGgtf kfOG5 . h:t}M
;'gfpnfg\ – ;'gfpgg\ -;'gfpnfg\sf] k|of]u klg 5_
;f]w]F – ;'Wof`f
;f]w] – ;'Wofof
k7fPF – k7fF`f
cfPF – cf`
pvfg t'Ssfsf] k|of]uM
·
of] pkb]z P]g g} geP klg o;nfO{ sfg"gL
lnvtsf] ?kdf u|x0f ubf{ o;df pvfg 6'Ssfx?sf] ld7f] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M
j'9f d/] efiff ;/] – a'9f d/] efvf ;/]
d]/f k]6sf s'/f – d]/f dgsf s'/f
df]rf df afx'ln lbbf – h'F3fdf
tfp lbFbf
xfGg' xj;\ – o'4 ug'{xf];\
g]kfn eGofsf] Eofs'tf] xf] .
uf]iff{ eGofsf] ;/kxf] .
afx'g sf];jf/ eGofsf] jonxf] kfts nfU5
7s'l/sf] ;jf/ eGofsf]l;+3 xf]k 5fl8 buf x'G5
du|sf] ;jf/ eGofsf] 6fug\ 3f]8fxf] l9nf]x'G5
if;sf];
jf/ eGofsf] tflh t'ls{ 3f]8fxf] if;sf];jf/ u¥of rf8f] xf]nf ====
/]kmsf] k|of]u
·
cr]n …/Ú k|of]u x'g] kbfjnLdf To;a]nf …/Ú sf]
;§f /]km k|of]u u/]sf pbfx/0f b]lvG5g\ . h:t}M
j/bfg – abf{g
uf]/vf – uf]vf{
lz/laGb'sf] k|of]uM
·
lz/laGb'sf] k|of]u …gÚ, cfwf g -G_ / ª sf]
nflu klg ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t} M
yfgsf]6 – yf+sf]6
wflbª – wflb+g\
d hfG5' – dhf+5'
eË – eª+
x]/f}F – x]?+
cg':jf/sf] k|of]uM
·
cg':jf/sf] :yfgdf -++ +_ n]Vg] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
h:t}M 3'+ +8f, uf+ +7f] . y:t} ` dfly klg -++ +_ lbPsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} xfn
cg':jf/ k|of]u x'g] u/]klg To;a]nf cg':jf/ k|of]u gu/]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M
x'Fbf] xf] – x'bf] xf]
rfF8f] – rf8f]
kfF8] – kf8]÷kf+8]
cfF6]sf] – cf6]sf]
b'lgofF – b'lg`f
a / j sf] k|of]uM
·
…aÚ sf] k|of]u x'g] :yfgdf …jÚ sf] k|of]u
u/]sf] e]l6G5, h:t}M
ax't} – jx't}
afx'nL – jfx'ln
afO; – jfO;\
rf}la;L – rf}lj;L
ª sf] ;§f g sf] k|of]uM
·
…ªÚ sf] ;§f …g\Ú sf] k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
h:t}M
ndh'ª – ndh'g\
b÷w sf] ;§f 9sf] k|of]uM
·
b / w sf] 7fpFdf 9 sf] k|of]usf pbfx/0f b]Vg
;lsG5 . h:t}M
w]/} – 9]/}
lxGb'klt – lx+8'klt
rGb|flul/ – rG8flul/
lbbf – l8bf
argM
·
lbJo pkb]zdf d"ntM Ps arg k|of]u ePsf]5 .
Ps b'O{ 7fpFdf ax'jrg :k:6tM k|o'Qm 5 . h:t}M
ltdLx?,
pk/fpx?
ljelQmM
·
nfO{, af6, sf] h:tf ljelQmx? d"ntM
hf]l8Psf] kfOb}g .
·
zAbsf :j?kM To;a]nf k|of]u x'g] zAbx?df xfn
cfP/ :j?k k/Ljt{g ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M –
tD/f – ltd|f
j|Dxdfg – j|fXd0f
;f]kgf – ;kgf
v8\u – ifË
kl5p/f – k5\of}/f
g}j]b] – g}j]t, g}j]B
k'emfxfl/ – k'hf/L
d'rf{ – df]rf{
k'?j – k"j{
blifg – blIf0f
l;+3 – l;+x
k|f]lxt – k'/f]lxt
bjny – bf}nt
lg`f – Gofo
n8f`L – n8fO{
sYo efiffsf] n]Vo k|of]uM
·
:yfg af]ws zAbx?df hxfF xnGt pRrf/0f x'G5 ToxfF
n]Vodf klg xnGt g} k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M
g'jfsf]6\,
;Nofg\sf]6, l;dn\rf}/
·
o:t} hflt jf y/jf]ws zAbsf] clGtd cIf/sf]
pRrf/0f xnGt x'g]df n]Vo efiffdf klg xnGt k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M
j:Gofg\,
kf7s\
la=;+= !*@%
b]lv !(!) ;Dd
!*^( ;fnsf] sfhL jiftfj/ l;+x
a:GoftnfO{ lbPsf] ;jfn
1.of] ;jfndf …k|:tfjgfÚ sf]
:j?k gb]lvP klg sfof{Gjogsf] cfb]zsf] :j?k b]lvG5 . h:t}M
cfu]
sfhL jiftfj/ l;+x j:Goftn] u¥of{ sfdsf ;jfn ul/aS:of}+ ;jfndf n]Vof dflkms sfd
u/ =======================
2.To;a]nf sfg"g sfof{Gjog
ug{ lhDd]jf/L lbOPsf] JolQmsf gfddf sfg"g hf/L ug]{ z}nLsf] k|of]u ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
3.clwsf/bftfn] clwsf/
k|fKtstf{nfO{ sfg"gdf tf]lsPsf] sfd ug{ cfb]zfTds efiffdf ;jfn hf/L ug]{
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
4.kl/R5]b, cWofo, efu cflbsf]
k|of]u ePsf] b]lvb}g .
5.;jfnnfO{ ljifoj:t' cg'?k bkmf
bkmfdf ljefhg ul/P klg tL k|To]s bkmfnfO{ k|yd ;jfn bf];|f] ;jfn egL pNn]v
u/]sf] kfOG5 . o;/L pNn]v ubf{ cÍdf ge} cIf/df pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5 .
6.cNklj/fd lrGx -,_ sf] k|of]u
ePsf] b]lvG5 .
7.k|To]s ;jfn ;lsPkl5 cGtdf
cÍdf !, @, #, $ n]Vb} uPsf] kfOG5 .
8.k|To]s ;jfnsf] jfSo
k"0f{ ePkl5 xfnsf] k"0f{ lj/fd -._ sf] ;§f -– – – – –_ / -–_ lrGxsf]
k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
9.…aÚ sf] geO{ …jÚ cIf/sf]
k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t} j]rGof, ljufGof{, ;'j]bf/, jn, jGbf]j:t, j}/L,
j'xf/L cflb .
10.
z, if / ; sf] k|of]u
-s_ …ifÚ sf] k|of]u – iffl/h, iffosf, b;ift, ifr{,
uiff{, /fifL, kf]ifL, jiff{t -j/vf:t_, k+rift, tdfif', d'lifof cflb .
-v_ …zÚ sf] k|of]u – bz/y, k|foflZrt .
-u_ …;Ú sf] k|of]u – ;Gof;L, ;j}, ;'j]bf/, l;kfxL,
b;ift, >]:tf .
11.
zAb lgdf{0f ubf{ Pp6f zAbnfO{ Pp6} l8sf] lbg]
u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
12.
ljelQmnfO{ d"n zAb;Fu Pp6} l8sf]n]
hf]8]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}M– ef/bf/n], 7xl/ofsf], ha/h:tL;Fu, sDkgLsf, u¥ofnfO{,
cl3b]lv, wdf{lwsf/af6 cflb .
13.
lqmofkbsf] k|of]u ubf{ 7x/]nfO{ …7x¥ofÚ,
laufg]{nfO{ …ljufGof{Ú, u/]sf]nfO{ …u¥ofsf]Ú, eg]nfO{ …eGofÚ, sf6\g]nfO{
…sf6GofÚ h:tf zAbsf] k|of]u u/]sf] b]lvG5 . cyf{t …g]Úsf] ;§f …GofÚ cIf/sf]
k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
14.
x|:j / bL3{ b'j}sf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
ljutdf b]lvg] x|:j n]v] cToflws x|:j / bL3{ n]v] cToflws bL3{ n]Vg] k|j[lQ
b]lvb}g .
15.
cw{lj/fd -Ù_ lrGxsf] k|of]u b]lvb}g .
16.
cg':j/ - F _ sf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvb}g . To;sf]
7fpFdf lz/laGb' - + _ sf] k|of]u ePsf] jf s]xL k|of]u gePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}
kf+rf}, hfrbf, afwL cflb .
17.
cfwf g -G_ / cfwf 0f -0_ sf] :yfgdf lz/laGb' -
+ _ sf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M– k+rvt, b+8, p8+Gtf, u8+tf, cflb .
18.
ljj/0fnfO{ tk;Lndf v'nfpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
cg';"rLsf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvb}g .
19.
s]xL ljz]if zAbx?M
hf`L,
ljhf`L, lg;fkm, lsk6, cfjfb, u'Nhf/, sDkgL
20.
sfg"g -;jfn_ slxn]b]lv sxfF sxfF
nfu" x'g] xf] v'Nb}g .
21.
…/Ú sf] 7fpFdf /]kmsf] k|of]u ePsf] klg kfOG5
. h:t}M …xh"/dfÚ sf] ;§f …xh'df{Ú
!*#^ ;fnsf]
/0faxfb'/ zfxsf] sfg"gL aGbf]j:t
1.
cg]kfnL / xfn k|of]udf gx'g]
u/]sf zAbsf] k|of]uM
o;
;jfndf klg k|z:t dfqfdf g]kfnL afx]ssf zAbx?sf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M
df]xJjt – df]x
gLds\ – g'g
5f]6f a8f – ;fgf 7"nf
tsl;/ – ck/fw
tDjLx – ;hfo
sfon d'sfn÷d'sfPn
cDafln
l;tf]{
d'rnsf – d'r'Nsf
ckmgt
O{hf/bf/
ufbL dof/ifL – /fhfnfO[ lbOg] klxnf] pkxf/
jns – sf]z]nL
km/ km/dfO;
cDan
lj/fd
sDkgL
/]aGbL
8f]uf]n
ltn+uf
x]dfOt
;]/f
afhaL – 7Ls
2.;+af]wgM
h;sf gfpdf ;jfn hf/L ul/Psf] xf] pgLx?sf] gfpF pNn]v u/L …ltdLÚ egL ;+af]wg
ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
3.bkmfM
;jfnsf k|To]s bkmf qmdnfO{ cÍdf n]lvPsf] 5 . h:t} …! ;jfnÚ .
4.z, if / ; sf] k|of]uM
3';, giffO{, ifftL/, bflifn, if;f]iff;, n]lif, iff]6, ifr{ .
5.cg':jf/, lz/laGb'M
x'F5, hfr, 8+8, u'7hfFr, efFu, ltn+uf, ;f]Fr, k+rift, ljFlt, ;fF3' .
6.b / 8 sf] k|of]u+M 8+8
.
7./]kmM
baf{/ .
8.xnGtM
h;\h;\sf], dflkms\, e/d'n's\, hkm\t, aflxs\ .
9.o / PM
sfPn, geofsf] .
10.
lqmofM a:Gof, 36fof, bafof,
/fifGof, lnofsf], ld;fofsf], df:Gof, if]nGof, rnfpGof .
11.
jfSofGt lqmofM o;
;jfndf jfSosf] cGtdf /xg] lqmofnfO{ ug'{, lng' lbg' h:tf zAb k|of]u u/L h;sf
gfddf ;jfn hf/L ePsf] p;nfO{ cx|fOPsf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M bflifn ug'{, 5f]8fO lbg',
a'lemlng', 8+8 ug'{, r]tfO lbg' dfl/lbg' cflb .
12.
k"0f{ lj/fdM
jfSosf] cGtdf c+u|]hL efiffdf k|of]u x'g] k"0f{ lj/fd lrGx -=_ k|of]u
ePsf] kfOG5 .
13.
jfSo u7gM o;
;jfndf ;–;fgf ;/n jfSox?sf] k|of]usf] clwstf b]lvG5 . Pp6f ;jfndf d"ntM Psb]lv
kfFr j6f jfSox?sf] k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
lj=;+= !**#
;fnsf] bnd~hg kfF8]sf gfpsf] nfndf]x/
1./fhfsf] k|z:tLM o;
;jfndf /fhfsf] k|z:tL 5flkPsf] 5, h;df ;+:s[t zAbx?sf] cToflws k|of]u ul/Psf] 5
.
2.cgfb/b]lv clt cfb/fyL{M h;sf
gfpdf ;jfn hf/L ul/Psf] lghnfO{ …t}n]Ú elgPsf] 5 eg] /fhfn] cfkm"nfO{
…ul/aS:of]Ú zAbsf] k|of]u ul/Psf] b]lvG5 .
3.v sf] ;§f if sf] k|of]u ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
4.jS:of, 7x¥of, eGof, g;Sof
h:tf zAbx?sf] k|of]u ePsf] 5 .
5.;'Jjf, sfongfdf, cbfnt, >L
s'df/L rf]s, ljrf/L, jlxbf/, txjLnbf/, l8¶f h:tf xfn klg sfg"gL If]qdf
k|o'Qm zAbx?sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
6.;–;fgf jfSosf] k|of]u ePsf]
b]lvG5 .
7.lg;fkm, ljhfl`, /fxbfgL,
kf]Nxf, ;f;fgf emu/f zAb k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
!(!) sf]
d'n'sL P]g / tb'k/fGt
>L % ;'/]Gb| ljqmd
zfxb]jsf zf;gsfndf ag]sf] d'n'sL P]g
1.cg]kfnL zAbx?sf]
k|of]uM /lh8G6, d]uhLg\, 8an, k|fod ldlg:6/, Ohf/f, sfo]n\gfdf,
d';fkm]/ .
2.v sf] ;§f if sf]
k|of]uM d'ifTof/, if+8, nfif, if/fj, if's'/L .
3.lz/ljGb'sf] k|of]uM
t+d|f], if+8, ;fp+, ln+u, s+ufn, n+u8f, Odf+bf/, j+ws, ef+u, j+r/f], j+b]n,
hf+5], ;+sf .
4.cg':jf/sf] k|of]uM
lxb'F, hfF8, y'Fbf, 9'Fuf, xfFbf .
5.kbof]u, kb ljof]u /
l8sM
cfˆgf5f]/fx?, xfd|fc}gdf rnf of] bfl;g kfO{ -b;L gkfO{_, tk l;njf/ hj/ hl:t .
6.xnGt k|of]uM
hldg\, ;+tfg\, lxdjt\, s'6\lk6\, dflg;\, bf]od\ .
7.8 sf] ;§f /M
;os/f, emu/f .
8.ljelQm hf]8]sf]M
ckjfbfTds cj:yfx?df afx]s nfO{, b]lv, af6 h:tf ljelQmx?nfO{ d"n zAb;Fu
hf]8]sf] kfOG5 .
9.P / oM
o:tf] – P:tf]
Psnf; – osnf;
Ps – os
10.
/]km / /M
;/sf/ – ;sf{/
b/n] – bn]{
3/sf] – 3sf]{
zx/sf] – ;xsf]{
rf/bfd – rfbf{d
tLg zx/sf – ltG;xsf{
wdf{lwsf/sf] – wdf{lwsfsf]{
11.
lqmofkbdf cfsf/fGt k|of]u x'g] u/]sf] b]lvG5 .
h:t}M nfUGof -nfUg]_, kfl`Gof -kfOg]_, n]lvofsf] -n]lvPsf]_, glt¥of -glt/]_,
rf]¥of -rf]/]_ .
12.
x|:j bL3{sf] k|of]uM
Osf/fGt / psf/fGt b'j} zAb jx'wf x|:j k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t}M –
klg – kgL
lxGb" – lxFb'÷lx+b'
lgTo – gLTo
u/L – ul/
x]/L – x]l/
lbbL – lblb
rf}sL – rf}ls
e}F;L – e}l;
rf]/L – rf]l/
5f]/L – 5f]l/
kfgL – kflg
13.
z, if / ; sf] k|of]u
b]z – b];
aif{ – jif{
lznfkq – l;nfkq
z+sf÷zÍf – ;+sf
zx/ – ;x/
gf;f] – gfzf]
afns – jfnif
p;n] – pZn]
14.
k"0f{ lj/fdsf] k|of]uM xfn
k|rlnt k"0f{lj/fdsf] -._ sf] ;§f c+u|]hL efifdf k|of]u x'g]
k"0f{lj/fd -=_ sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . ;fy} ;f] lrGxsf] k|of]u jfSosf]
aLr aLrdf klg ePsf] kfOG5 .
15.
o; P]gdf s/La !@ zAbsf $# x/km /x]sf] bkmf
;d]t b]lvbf nfdf nfdf cg'R5]bdf sfg"g th'{df ug]{ u/]sf] klg b]lvG5 .
-hUuf hldgsf] %! g+=_
16.
af]nLrfnLsf zAbx?sf] k|of]uM
uh{kbf{, lhlg;, t/td;'s, y}nL, ;f6km]/, ;f6f;f6, emu/f, iff];df];\,
iff]nf]6f]nf], Ujfuf -sfdsf] kl/0ffd yfxf gkfpg]_, kftf kmsf{O{, tfufwf/L,
b}j;+hf]u, jfklt, ift'sL, ynf kg'{, 5]?jf, ifkTof -vk6], Ifo/f]u_, ef]/,
;fOw'jf, s]/sf/, 6fkl6Kof rf]/, n'Rrf, sk6, nj/r§f, dbf}?, uIf cg';f/, k/rlqm,
kmfn xfnL dg'{, sf]/f] k"hf ug'{ .
17.
bkmfx?sf] agf}6df cfb]zd"ns lqmofsf]
k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 . h:t}M lbg', ug'{, glbg', ul/lbg', cflb .
18.
xfn sfg"gdf k|rngdf g/x]sf jf sd k|rlnt
s]xL zAbx?M /]j+bL, ljx|f}6f], d'ifTof/, kmLu6f/, d/f]6\5fk, ifguL, iffGuL,
/}ot\, /;\t ls:t, kmf5of{, ;]df{, ;fpGofkmfu', /f]jsf/, u'xfO -ujfxL, jskq_,
jf]Gof{ jf]/fpGof, cxb, s}b, ef]/df ===== k¥ofsf], kftls, srxl/, kltof, cdfn,
pef] pwf], iff/if]/, hf]l/g hfg', etfxf, HofgjlGb, tlS;/, bfdn, lhtfpl/ cflb .
19.
;f9], ;jf hgfpbf c+s kl5 7f8f wsf{x?n] hgfpg]
u/]sf] kfOG5 . h:t}M @.., %...
20.
:j?k kl/jt{g ePsf zAbx?
ljjflxt – ljjftf
b:tvt – b:ift
P]g – c}g
ljwjf – ljw'O
Joxf]/f – ljxf]/f
dlxgf – d}Gxf
alxgL – j}lGx
;DaGwL – ;gj+lw
l;dfgf – l;jfgf
ulx/f] – u}x|f]
lsl/of – s[of
xf];\ – xj;\
rf]/L u/f];\ tfklg – rf]/f]:tklg
jS;f}gL – aS;fpgL
sDd/ – sj/
u'?cfdf – u'df{
txlssft – txlst
b}jL – b}jfut
lhG;L – lhlg;
lkmxl/:t -ljj/0f_ – lkml/:t
;fj'b÷b'?:t – ;k't
l5DofsL – l5d]sL
d'lg – dlg
h'g – hf}gf
czQm – c;if
pkb|j – pkw|
laxfg – Jofxfg
lst]{ – lsTof{
IfqL – Ift[
b}ofbf/ – bfOofbf/
21.
` sf] k|of]u klg kof{Kt e]l6G5, h:t}M ?lk`f
-rf]/Lsf] dxndf ?k}of 5_, s'lg~o', `fxf, g`f, b'lg`f, jf`f, agf`f -agfPF_,
ly`" -lyof}+_ .
22.
;df; ÷ cg's/0fTds z}nLdf zAbfjnLsf] k|of]u
ePsf] h:t}M hx/ ljif, lx8\g 8'ng, jfklt ift'sL, iftjft, nl8nf]l6, kmsfO{ km'nfO
n'RofO, ifl6/fkl6/f, t/td;'s, ;ifnif, gftfuf]tf, uf/f]leQf], aflx/fkm]/f,
eftkflg, lhlg;dft, bf]ufg Hof;n .
23.
cfwf cIf/sf] k|of]u u/L zAb lgdf{0f ug]{
u/]sf] k|z:t b]lvG5 . h:t}M
j]xsdf – j]xSdf
xflsdsf – xflsDsf
5g\ eGg – 5GeGg
hfgsf/ – hfGsf/
h+undf – h+uNdf
/ftdf – /fTdf
24.
;+of]hsnfO{ hf]8\g] ul/Psf]
klqmg]
/ – klqmGof/
25.
a / j sf] k|of]u x]bf{ a sf] ;§fdf klg j sf]
k|of]u ePsff] kfOG5 . h:t}M
aGr/f] – j+r/f]
af3 – jf3
aFb]n – j+b]n
uf]aw – uf]jw
aUuL – jlu
afof – jf`f
26.
9 / w sf] k|of]u
w]/} – 9]/}
27.
l/ / C sf] k|of]u
C0fL – l/0fL
28.
sfg"gL zAbfjnLsf] k|of]uM bfdf;lx, ift,
lj/fd, ljhfO, ljB't, lkm/flb, if'g, lauf], ;j{:j, cbfnt, td;'s, b+8, c+; ;j{:j,
Dofb, b;f}b, lj;f}+b, 8]9f], hl/jfgf, tkl;n, kf]nfxf, :ofxf, hf/, ;fw' jfl/;\,
xsjfnf, lnnfd, ;f5L, w/f}6\, txljn, k+rlslt{, tt\ljh, lg;fkm, d'r'n\sf, c+z
;j{:j, hkmt, 3';/Lifjt, dfgfrfjn
29.
s;"/sf] dfqf -lj/fd_ olsg ug]{ kbfjnL
cAan – d'Vo s;"/bf/
bf]od – bf];|f] txsf] s;"/bf/
l;d – t];|f] txsf] s;"/bf/
rfxf/ – rf}yf] txsf] s;"/bf/
xfn
hldgsf] u'0f:t/ hgfpg k|of]u x'g] zAbx? To;a]nf s;"/sf] dfqf lgwf{/0f ug]{
k|of]hgsf nflu k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 .
30.
t'SsfM jlx a'emfpg' .
31.
5 / IfM ;fl5 – ;fIfL .
32.
b / ªM l;ª'/ – l;Gb'/
33.
sfg"gL efiffdf k|foM k|rngdf gePsf zAbsf
s]xL pbfx/0f lgDgfg';f/ 5g\M –
s;+tdg\,
nj/r§f, rs'O, sdnfofsf -ue{jtL kz'_, ifr/ bfh'efO .
34.
sfg"g th'{df ubf{ ;se/ ;+efljt 36gf
k|lqmofnfO{ lj:t[t ?kdf g} pNn]v ug]{ / lg0f{o stf{nfO{ tYosf] cg'dfg ug'{kg]{
cj:yf gcfcf];\ eGg] ck]Iff u/]sf] b]lvG5 . h:t}M v';f{gLsf] dxndf z/L/sf] s'g
s'g c+udf s;n] v';f{gL xfn] s] ;hfo x'g] s'/f pNn]v 5 . o:t} cfuf] nufpGofsf]
dxndf af?b ePsf] 7fpdf xf]l;of/L l;t alQ afNg'kg]{, cfuf] lr/fs -u_ n}hfg
gx'g], tdfv' gvfg', alQ gn}hfg', h'Qf nfO{ ghfg' eGg] h:tf lj:t[t ljj/0f pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 .
35.
hl/jfgfnfO{ b08 egL ;+jf]wg ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
h:t}M #) ?k}of b08 ug'{ .
36.
ldltsf] pNn]v xfnsf] ut]sf] ?kdf geO{ ;'lb /
jlbdf u/]sf] kfOG5 .
37.
P]gdf c+snfO{ cIf/df n]vL k|of]u u/]sf] kfOb}g
. ldlt, ;do, lulGt, cflbdf c+s -!, @, #, $_ g} k|of]u ul/Psf] kfOG5 .
38.
dflynfO{ pef], tnnfO{ pwf] egL k|of]u u/]sf]
kfOG5 .
39.
bkmf qmdnfO{ cÍ -!, @_ egL pNn]v u/]sf] kfOG5
.
40.dxnsf] lzif{sdf pxL s'/f
bf]xf]/fpg' k/] P]= zAbsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfOG5 .
41.
o; P]gdf , Ù … Ú æ Æ sf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOb}g .
42.
;+of]hsx?sf]
k|of]u z'Gok|foM 5 .
43.k|ltaGwfTds
jfSosf] k|of]u ePsf] kfOb}g .
44.of]
P]gdf kl/efiff v08 /flvPsf] 5}g .
d'n'sL P]g,
@)@)
1.of] P]gdf P]gsf] gfd, k|f/De
/ kl/efiff /flvPsf] 5, t/ ltgnfO{ lzif{s eg] lbOPsf] 5}g . P]gdf bkmf lzif{s
/flvPsf] 5}g .
2.P]gdf lgDg lrGxx?sf] k|of]u
ePsf] 5M –
.. ..
æ
Æ
. – k"0f{lj/fd
Ù – cw{lj/fd
–
, – cNklj/fd (Coma)
F – cg':jf/
= – lgDg /]vfÍg (Underline)
+ – lz/laGb'
––––––– –
- _ – sf]i7
Ò Ò Ò
!.@.#.$
M – lj;u{ -:jtM_
3.o; P]gdf c+u|]hL zAbsf]
k|of]u klg b]lvG5 . h:t}M k'ln;, klAns k|f]l;So'6/, clkn, ;dg, l8;ld;,
Uofh]6]8, gDa/, ;aOG:k]S6/, d}g]h/, clknkq, jf/]06, clknf6, /f]:kf]G8]06,
d]lh:6«]6, clkm; km'6 /lh:6«];g, d}g]lhª 8fO/]S6/, 8fO/]S6/, cl;:6]06, l/kf]6{,
6fOd÷6fod, sDklg, skf]{/];g, lkm=, 6]lnkmf]g, a}+s cflb .
4.P]gsf bkmfx?nfO{ …gDa/Ú sf
?kdf ;+af]wg ul/Psf] 5 . t/ gDa/sf pkgDa/x?nfO{ bkmf eGg] ul/Psf] 5 .
pbfxf/0ffy{ c=j+= !&@ g+= sf] b]xfo bkmf ^ .
5.P]gsf gDa/nfO{ cÍdf pNn]v
ul/Psf] 5 / To;kl5 vf; lrGxx? lbOPsf] 5 . h:t}M !&@ g+= .. .. ul/Psf] 5 .
6.of] P]gdf cg';"rLx?
/flvPsf] 5}g . gd"gf jf 9fFrfx? 7fpF7fpFdf P]gleq g} ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 .
h:t}M lkm/fbkqsf] gd"gf c=j+= &^ g+=, z'? km};nfsf] gd"gf c=j+=
!*( g+= df 5 .
7.gd"gfsf] lzif{snfO{ lgDg
/]vfÍg (Underline)
ul/Psf] b]lvG5 . h:t} lkm/fbkq, z'? km};nfsf] gd"gf cflb .
8.ljutsf P]df k|r'/ dfqfdf …ifÚ
sf] k|of]u x'g] u/]sf]df To;df ;'wf/ 5 . …vÚ sf] 7fpFdf if ug]{ k/Dk/f 6'6]sf]
b]lvG5 .
9.ljutdf k"0f{lj/fd lrGx
-=_ k|of]u x'g] u/]sf]df o; P]gdf -._ k"0f{lj/fd lrGx k|of]u ePsf] 5 .
10.
ljutdf eGbf o; P]gdf c+u|]hL zAbx?sf] k|of]u
al9 ePsf] b]lvG5 .
11.
ljutsf t'ngfdf ;/n jfSodf sfg"g th'{df
ug{ k|of; eP klg 7fpF7fpFdf vf; u/L b08 ;hfosf] dxnsf] $^ gDa/ h:tf !& j6f
bkmf ePsf gDa/x? klg b]lvG5g\ .
12.
@)!) ;fnd} sfg"g JofVof ;DaGwL P]gdf
…s;"/Ú zAbsf] kl/efiff ul/Psf] eP klg b08 ;hfosf] ! g+=df vtjft, 6flS;/
h:tf k/Dk/fut ?kdf s;"/ hgfpg] zAbx?sf] k|of]un] lg/Gt/tf kfPsf] b]lvG5 .
13.
P]gdf ljifosf] d"n lzif{snfO{ dxn
dflgPsf] 5 .
14.
o; P]gdf bkmf lzif{s /fVg] ul/Psf] 5}g .
15.
k/Dk/fut kbgfdx?sf] kof{Kt k|of]u ePsf] 5 M
lhldbf/, tfn'sbf/, rf}sLbf/, k6'jf/L, d'lvof, y/L, j8fxflsd, gfOs], /sdL cflb
16.
…`Ú sf] k|of]u Go"gfltGo"g ePsf] 5 .
17.
tf/Lv -c=j+= $^_ / tf/]v -c=j+= $%_ b'j}
zAbsf] k|of]u b]lvG5 t/ …tf/LvÚ zAbsf] al9 k|of]u 5 .
18.
c=j+= %# g+= tf/Lv lstfa gd"gfdf ;dg hf/L
ugf{ s], k|df0f a'‰gf s], 5nkmn ugf{ s] eGg] h:tf zAbfjnLsf] k|of]u 5 . …s]Ú
zAb k|Zgjfrs geO{ …nfluÚ eGg] cy{df k|of]u ePsf]n] lxGbLsf] k|efj h:tf] b]lvG5
.
19.
?kdf kl/jt{g ePsf zAbsf s]xL b[i6fGtx?
sfut – sfuh -c=j+= @(_
lz:ogL – lz:of -c=j+= #)_
cVTof/gfdf – clVtof/gfdf -c=j+= &!_
w/f}6 – w/f}6L÷w/f}6
20.
lz/ljGb' / cg':jf/sf] k|of]u
ePsf] – x'g'kg]{
kf+r – kfFr
?k}of+ – ?k}ofF
9f+6L – 9fF6L
hf+Rg' – hfFRg'
af+sL – afFsL
;f+w – ;fFw
8f+sf – 8fFsf
gx'+b} – gx'Fb}
cf+u – cfFª÷cfFu
21.
cg':jf/sf] - F _ sf] k|of]uM
7fpF, gfpF .
22.
ckdfgjf]w x'g] zAbsf] k|of]u
rfs/ – ;]jf ug]{ JolQm -c=j+= #)_
emul8of – d'2fsf]
kIf
23.
;, if, z
gfln; / gflnz b'j} k|of]u ePsf] b]lvG5 . t/
kl/efiffdf gflnz zAb k|of]u ePsf] 5 .
24.
kbof]u, kbljof]u / l8ssf] k|of]u
xb Dofb – xbDofb
hGd s}b – hGd s}b
d[To'
b08 – d[To'b08
25.
t'Ssfsf] k|of]u
nut s:g' – clen]vdf hgfpg'
y}nL e'; x'g' – /sd gkfpg'
dfg' 5'l§g' – efG;f cnu ug'{
dfgf] hf]l8g' – efG;f hf]8\g'
gkfPsf] ku/L kfP – gkfPsf] cf]xbf kfPF eGg'
vf]6f 6s dfg'{ – gSsnL d'b|f agfpg'
cË k'Ug' – k|df0f k|lqmof k'Ug'
s/0fLdf lau|g' – klt klTgaLr afx]s zf/Ll/s ;DaGw /fVg'
em'7f aSg' – em'7f] af]Ng'
c;fWo eO{ ylng' – 7"nf] /f]u nfUg'
7f8f] a'‰g' – ;Dk"0f{ k|lqmof gk'¥ofO{ l56f] a'‰g'
36La9L klqmg' – 36La9L bfjL lhls/ ug'{
aft nfUg' – bf]if nfUg'
;To 8ufpg' – klt x'Fbf x'Fb} csf]{ k'?if;Fu ;Dks{ ug'{
k]6af]nLdf n]Vg' – d'Vo Joxf]/fdf n]Vg'
lsgf/f ug'{ – l5Gg'
3";
vfg' – 3"; :jLsf/ ug'{
26.
n'Kt x'Fb} u/]sf sfg"gL If]qsf s]xL zAbx?
lgj]bg ljz]if –
chL{
:yfg ljz]if – df}hf
c•}af6 ;fIfL pkl:yt u/fpg' kbf{ kIfn]
ltg'{kg]{ b:t'/ – tn afgf
ck/fw, s;"/ – vt
s'l/of
27.
af]nLrfnLsf zAbx?sf] k|of]u
l;dfgf ;/x –
cfF7f ;/x
7fpF ljz]if – Onfsf
ufnL unf}h – ufnL uf]ˆtf
Vofn 7§f – 7§f d:s/L
;fdfGo – dfd'nL
z/L/ – cf+u -ª_
28.
ljelQmx?sf] k|of]u
df, b]lv, af6, nflu, lglDt, ;Dd, n], sf], sf,
h:tf ljelQmx? d"n zAb;Fu d"ntM hf]8]/ g} n]Vg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .
29.
;dfgfyL{ ?kdf k|of]u ePsf zAbx?
tk;Ln – b]xfo
vtjft – s;"/, ck/fw
30.
s]xL sfg"gL zAbx?
zAb cy{
tx/L/ – k|d'v / ;xfos eGbf d'lgsf sd{rf/L
xflsd – sfof{no k|d'v
c•f – sfof{no
thlah – ljj]sflwsf/
Ohnf;sf] a]Ohlt – cbfntsf]
cjx]ngf
d'ntjL – :ylut
jfl/; – k|ltlglw
emul8of – d'4fsf] kIf
dha't – ;f/f+z
tfobftL – ljj/0f
;8fpg] – lglZrt ;do k'u]kl5 sfuh gi6 ug{
;/xb – rf}lsNnf, ;Ldf
jSs nf6f] – af]Ng} g;Sg] nf6f]
;/hldg
b'?:t – l7s
gflnz÷gfln; – ls/fp, ph"/L, lgj]bg -kl/efiffdf gfln; zAb
5_
b}ofbf/
lvrL – lkmtf{ lnO{
bzf}+b – bz k|ltzt
ljzf}+b – kfFr k|ltzt
jfltn – vf/]h
tfltn – ljbf
aS;f}gL – ldnfkq ubf{ nfUg] /sd
Onfsf – If]qflwsf/ leq kg]{ :yfg
chL{ – lgj]bg ljz]if
lg:;f – k|df0f
hgfp – ;"rgf
tx;Ln – km};nf sfof{Gjog ug]{ kmfF6 jf zfvf
rr]{sf] – cf]u6]sf]
;lGw ;k{g – hf]l8Psf]
x'lnof – zl// / cg'xf/sf] ljj/0f
st{Jojfnf – ck/fw
u/]sf]
kf]Ng' – s;}n] s;}nfO{ cleo'Qmsf] ?kdf lrlqt ug'{
ljuf] – bfjL u/]sf] /sd
1.Manual sf]
cg';"rLdf /fVg'kg]{ .
1sfg"gdf a9L dfqfdf
k|of]u x'g] ;dfgfyL{ zAbx?sf] ;"rL .
2sfg"gdf k|of]u x'g]
lrGxx?sf] ;"rL
3lj;u{ -M_ nfUg] zAbx?sf]
4- F _ cg':jf/ nfUg] zAbx?sf]
5- + _ lz/laGb' nfUg] zAbx?sf]
6cÍnfO{ cIf/df ;+af]wg u/L
/fVg]
7…zÚ k|of]u x'g] zAbx?sf]
;"rL
8…ifÚ k|of]u x'g] zAbx?sf]
;"rL
9…;Ú k|of]u x'g] zAbx?sf]
;"rL
10
…aÚ k|of]u x'g] zAbx?sf] ;"rL
11
…jÚ k|of]u x'g] zAbx?sf] ;"rL
12
:j/sf] zAbx?sf] ;"rL
13
Ao~hgsf] zAbx?sf] ;"rL
14
x|:j bL3{ Osf/ psf/sf lgod
15
c/aL kmf/;L zAbx?sf] ;"rL
16
kfl/eflifs zAbx? zAbx?sf] ;"rL
17
Nofl6g / u|Ls zAbx?sf] ;"rL
18
c+u|]hL zAbx?sf] ;"rL
2.sfg"gdf k|of]u
ug{ gx'g] efiff, z}nL, zAb / cIf/
1s'g} klg wd{, j0f{, lnË,
hfthflt, If]q, pd]/ ;d"x cflbnfO{ xf]Rofpg], ckdfg ug]{ .
2cdof{lbt, c;+;bLo, clZnn /
x]kfxf ckdfghgs dflgg] .
3cfb/fyL{ zAbx? .
4;fdflhs s/Llt, s';+:sf/
hgfpg], ?l9jflbtf h:tf s'/fnfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug]{ .
5:jNk?k (Abbrivation)
6;Gbe{ ;fdfu|L
7(Obsolute) x'Fb}
u/]sf zAbx?
8ufpFvfg] syf / pvfg
9cfqmds efiff z}nL
10
;fdflhs ljv08g, km'6 k}bf ug]{, å]if, 3[0ff
pTkGg x'g]
11
cg's/0ffTds zAb
3.P]gsf] agf}6 cg';f/sf]
efiff z}nL
1P]gsf] gfdsf] efiff z}nL,
2k|:tfjgfsf] efiff z}nL,
3(enabling clause) sf]
efiff z}nL
4kl/efiff v08sf] efiff z}nL
5k|f/De / lj:tf/ efiff z}nL
6u7g ug]{ efiff z}nL
7clwsf/ lbg] efiff z}nL
8ckjfb ;[hgf ug]{ efiff z}nL
9k|ltaGwfTds jfSo efiff z}nL
10
bfloTj tf]Sg]÷lhDd]jf/L lbg]÷st{Jo tf]Sg] efiff
z}nL
11
;hfo tf]Sg] efiff z}nL
12
gul/g] k|ltj4tfsf (refrain
from)
efiff z}nL
4.qmd lgwf{/0fsf] efiff
1dof{bfqmd cg';f/ (Protocal)
2jl/i7tf cg';f/ (seniority)
3ldltqm cg';f/ (chronography)
4u+le/tfqmd cg';f/ (gravity)
5cIf/qmd cg';f/ (alphabetic
order)
6ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt (geographic
location)
7;fgf]af6 7"nf] cg';f/ (ascending
order)
87"nf]af6 ;fgf] cg';f/ (Decending
order)
9tnaf6 dfly (Bottom
up)
10
dflyaf6 tn (Up buttom)
11
k|fyldstf cg';f/ (priority)
12
pd]/ cg';f/ (age)
13
dfqf cg';f/ (quantity)
14
u'0f cg';f/ (quality)
15
b'/L cg';f/ (close to far away/far
away to close)
16
l;nl;nf cg';f/
5.P]gsf] q'6L ;Rofpg] efiff
z}nL
6.zAb ?kfGt/0fsf] efiff z}nL
7.P]g ;+zf]wg ubf{ k|of]u x'g]
efiff z}nL
8.Jofs/0fsf lgodx?
1sfg"g d;f}bfdf sfnsf]
k|of]u
2sfg"g d;f}bfdf lnËsf]
k|of]u
3sfg"g d;f}bfdf jfRosf]
k|of]u
4sfg"g d;f}bfdf jrgsf]
k|of]u
5sfg"g d;f}bfdf ;j{gfdsf]
k|of]u
6sfg"g d;f}bfdf lqmof
ljz]if0fsf] k|of]u
7sfg"g d;f}bfdf lgkftsf]
k|of]u
8sfg"g d;f}bfdf
lj:dofl/jf]wssf] k|of]u
9sfg"g d;f}bfdf
;+of]hssf] k|of]u
10
sfg"g d;f}bfdf ljelQmsf] k|of]u
11
sfg"g d;f}bfdf kbof]u, kbljof]usf] k|of]u
12
sfg"g d;f}bfdf ;df;sf] k|of]u .
13
sfg"g d;f}bfdf jfSo u7g, lgod / z}nL
14
sfg"g d;f}bfdf jfWofTds efiff (mandatory)
15
sfg"g d;f}bfdf cg'gofTds (persuasive)
·
c/aL kmf/;L zAb / g]kfnLs/0f ;"rL
c+hfd – kl/0ffd
cbb – cÍ
cbfnt – Gofofno
cf]xbf – kb
xflsd – kbflwsf/L
bLjfgL – b]jfgL
dftxt – clwg:y
cdg – zflGt
chL{ – lgj]bg
cAan – k|yd, klxnf, k|yd >]0fL
c;fdL, cf;dL – C0fL
cxd – dxTjk"0f{,cfjZos
cfOGb – cfufdL, eljZodf
cfOg – P]g, ;+ljwfg
cltz – cfuf]
cfbL – cEo:t
cfd – ;fwf/0f
cfj/fubL{ – u'08fubL{
O+lsnfj – kl/jt{g, qmflGt
OG;fkm – Gofo
OlVtof/ -clVtof/_ – clwsf/,
zlQm
Ohnf; – Gofof;g
Ohfht – cg'dlt kq
OlQnfgfd – ;"rgf -Otnfgfdf_
OGsf/ – c:jLsf/
O/fbf – cf;o
ONhfd – cf/f]k, cleof]u
sf/jfO{ – sf/afxL
sf}l;n – kl/ifb\
Ol:txf/ – lj1fkg, ;"rgf
pS;fpg – pS;fpg'
pDdLjf/ – pd]bjf/
cf]xbM – cf]xbf, kb
cf}sft – zlQm, ;fdYo{
sa'lnot – :jLsf/ kq, :jLs[lt kq
sh{ – shf{, C0f
s/f/ – s/f/
s/La – lgs6, nueu
sfod – l:y/, l:yt, :yflkt
sfOd d'sfd – sfod d'sfod
sfuhL – lnlvt, lnvt
sfg"g – sfg"g
sfg"gg – a}w, sfg"g cg';f/sf]
sfljn – of]Uo
;hf – ;hfo, b08
lstfa – k':ts
s}b – s}b, sf/fjf;
s';'/ – s;"/, ck/fw, bf]if
s}lkmot – l:ylt, l6Kk0fL, s}lkmot
vhfgrL – vhf~rL, sf]iffWoIf
vtf -vt_ – ck/fw
vtd -vtd_ – ;dfKt
vnn – ljWg, afwf, cj/f]w
vflt/ – cfb/,;Tsf/
vfl/h – vf/]h, lg/:t
vf; – ljz]if
lvnfk – lj?4
untkmxdL – e|d
unt – cz'4, a]7Ls
ujfx – ;fIfL
lu/ˆtf/ – kqmg'
u'hf/M – lgjf{x
u}/ – bf];|f], k/fof, leGg -ljk/Lt_
u}/xflh/ – cg'kl:yt
uf]nf af?b – uf]nf af?b
rZdbLb – k|ToIfbzL{, cfˆg} cfFvfn] b]v]sf]
h+u – o'4
hAtL – hkmt
hdfgt – hdfgt k|lte"lt
sh{ – pwf/f]
h/fct -lh/fct_ – s[lif, v]lt -lh/fot_
hjfj – hjfkm, pQ/
hfOh – hfoh, pko'Qm, l7s
hft – hflt, j+z
hfobfb – hfobft, ;DklQ
hf/L – k|rlnt
hfn;fhL – hfn;fhL
hflx/ – hfx]/, k|s6, :ki6
lhqm – lhls/, rrf{, pNn]v
lhDd]bf/L – afWotf
lh/x – lh/x, k|ltk/LIf0f
lh/fct – lh/fot, s[lif v]lt
8fs – x'nfs
ts;L/ – bf]if, ck/fw
thlah – larf/, lg0f{o, lgZro, lgZsif{, k|:tfj, :jljj]s
tgVjfx – tgvf, tna, j]tg
tgfj – ljjfb, emu8f
tkm;Ln – tkl;n, ljj/0f
td:;'s – td;'s, C0fkq
th'{+dM -th'{df_ – th'{df
tna – j]tg
txjLn – txjLn
tx;Ln – tx;Ln, c;"nL
tfls – h;af6 ls
tfbfb – ;+Vof, u0fgf
tfdLn – tfd]n, lg:kfbg, kfng
tf/Lkm – k|;+zf
tfnLd – lzIff, tfnLd
lthf/t – Jofkf/ -t]hf/y <_
yfgf – 7fgf
bvn – sAhf, clwsf/, k|j]z
bkmf -bkm\cM_ – bkmf
b/Vof:t -bvf{:tM_ – lgj]bg,
cfj]bg
bnLn – ts{, k|df0f
b:tvt – x:tfIf/
b:tfj]h – lnvt
b:t'/ -Jojxf/ k|yf kl/kf6L_ – z'Ns, ts{
bflvn – k|j]z
bflvn–vfl/h – bfv]n vf/]h, gfdfGt/0f, gfd kl/jt{g
bfo/ -bfO/_ – bfo/, k|:t't
bfjf – bfjL
b'ZdgL – zq'tf
b'?:tL – b?:t ug'{, 7Ls ug'{, ;+zf]wg ug'{
bf]od – låtLo, bf];|f]
gsahgL – 3/ kmf]8]/ ug]{
gsn – gSsn, k|ltlnlk
gSz – gSzf, dfglrq, d"lrq
gh/ cGbfh – pk]Iff ug'{, Wofg glbg'
gh/aGb – lj/f]w, aGb]h nufpg'
ghL/ – ghL/, k"j{ b[:6fGt, k"j{ lg0f{o
g:n – j+z, ;Gtfg, ;Gtlt
gfOa -gfoj_ – gfoj, pk
gfjflnu – cjo:s, sfg"gL pd]/ gk'u]sf]
gfdGh'/ – c:jLs[t
gflnz – gfn]z, gflnz, ph"/, lkm/fb, cleof]u, bfjf
lgsf;L – lgsf;L
lgu/fgL – lgu/fgL, lg/LIf0f
lgzfgL – lgzfg, :d[lt lrGx, lrGx
g'S;fg – gf]S;fgL, Iflt, xflg
k'Zt}gL – s}of} lk+l9, k"j{h, j+zk/Dk/f
k]z – k|:t't, k]z
k]zf – j[lQ, Joj;fo
k]zL – k]zL, k|:t't ug'{
k}/jL – k}/jL, kIfsf] ;dy{g
km/]j – 5nsk6 -bf]if_
kmhL{ – sfNklgs, gSsnL
km};nf – lg0f{o
kmf}hbf/L – kmf}hbf/L
kmf}hL – ;}lgs, ;]gf
jGbf]j:t – jGbf]j:t
jRr] – jRrf, lzz'
jb\lgotL – jb\lgot, b'ef{jgf
jofg – jofg, jQmJo, syg
a/vf:t – jvf{:t, kbRo't
ax; – ax;, rrf{, jfbljjfb
axfnL – k'g:yfkg
afltn – /2, z"Go, vf/]h, lg:k|efjL, jftLn
aflnu – jo:s, jflnu
lan – ljw]os
jLd – aLdf
d+h"/ –
dGh'/, :jLs[t, :jLsf/
d+;'jf – dg;'jf, O/fbf, ;+sNk
dhs'/M – k"jf]{Qm
d;f}bf – d;f}bf, d:of}bf, k|f?k
dx;'n – ls/fof, ef8f, z'Ns
dx;'; – cg'ej
dftxt – clwg:y
dfn – dfn, /fh:j, cy{, ;DklQ
dflns – :jfdL, dflns
dfx – df;, dlxgf
dflx/ – s'zn, cEo:t
ldgxf – ldgfxf, 36fOPsf], sd ul/Psf], s6f}lt ul/Psf]
ldofb -ldcfb_ – Dofb
ldofbL – DofbL
dL/ – k|wfg, k|d'v, cWoIf, d'Vo
d'cfkmL – dfkmL, Ifdf
d'sb\bdf – d'2f, cf/f]k, cleof]u, bfjL
d's/{/M – lgo'Qm, d's//
d'sfd – :yfg
d'h/f – df]h/f -<_, s6f}tL, s6f}tL u/]sf] wg/flz
d'tfljs – cg';f/
d'gfkmM – d'gfkmf, nfe
d'gfl;j – d'gfl;j, plrt
d'NtjL – d'NtjL, :ylut
d]xgtfgM – kfl/>lds
df}h'bf – ljBdfg, xfnsf]
df]xnt – df}sf, cj;/, cjsfz
df}h'b – ljBdfg, pkl:yt, k|:t't
olsgg – lg;Gb]x, 7f];, cjZo
/sd – wg/flz
/2 – /2, v08g, lg/:t
/;b – /;b, vfB ;fdfu|L, ;fdfu|L
/;Lb – /;Lb, ek/kfO
/xhgL – /xhgL -rf]/Lsf] Ps k|sf/_
/fhL – k|zGg, ;Gt'i6, ;xdt
/fhLgfdM – /flhgfdf, ;xdltkq
l/jfh -/jfh_ – l/jfh, k|yf ?9L
l/Zjt – l/zjt, 3';
/f]hfgf – k|ltlbg
jsLn – jsLn, sfg"g Joj;foL
jsfntgfdM – jsfntgfdf
jtg – 7]ufgf
jkmfbf/L – :jfdLeQm
j;'n – c;'n, c;'n pk/, k|fKt ug'{
jfl/; – jfl/;, jf/];
zgfvt – ;gfvt, klxrfg
z/fj – z/fj, dlb/f
z/Lkm – ;Hhg
lzsfot – ph'/L
;hf – b08, ;hfo
;+uLg – u+eL/
;tx – tn, w/ftn
;b/ – d'Vo
;gb – ;gb, k|df0fkq, ljutdf hf/L ul/g] sfg"g
;kmfO{ – ;kmfO, k|ltjfb, :jR5tf
;bxb – ;/xb, ;Ldf
;jfn – k|Zg
;fljs – ;fljs,
k"j{jt
l;kmfl/; – l;kmfl/;
;'b'/ – ====
;j't – k|df0f, ;j'b, ;j't
;'/fu – vf]h -<_
;"b – Aofh, ;'b
xs – clwsf/, xs
xb – ;Ldf
xhf{gM -xhf{gf_ – xhf{gf,
Iflt
xflh/ – xflh/, pkl:yt
xflh/ hfldg – xflh/ hdfgL -<_
xfn – ;dfrf/, j[tfGt
xfnt – l:ylt, cj:yf, bzf
xfl;n – xfl;n, k|fKt
lx/f;t – lx/f;t
x'h"/ – xh"/, >Ldfg\, dxf]bo
x'lnoM – x'lnof, zf/Ll/s, nIf0f, zf/Ll/s ljj/0f
x}l;ot – x}l;ot, l:ylt
